The Science of Getting an IV & Collecting Blood

The case was a young trauma victim, he wasn't that sick, but sick enough to get admitted for observation. As part of the trauma protocol we collect blood for labs, type and screen and the usual stuff. Primary survey completed, we had a nice 16 g cannula in his left AC fossa but blood had not been collected yet. The lab tech arrived and was preparing to stick the patient in the R arm when I asked him. Why don't you take the blood from the cannula? - I'm not allowed to do that. He replied. I like to avoid unnecessary pain to my patients whenever possible so I reapplied a tourniquet to the L arm, pulled 3 cc of blood to discard, then collected the blood directly into the tubes. As I was doing that, the ED chief nurse saw me from across the room and almost had a stroke. She went into a rant about how this was a violation of the protocols and yara yara yara... To my amusement, she took the tubes I had just collected from that freshly-started IV and trash them into the sharps container. Then she order the lab tech to stick the patient again in the other arm for a "correct" blood sample. This was a senior nurse and I just couldn't believe she would do that. What is the difference from that blood to the blood in the other arm?!

So I did a lit search about this topic and found some interesting data. 

- The cannulas are made with soft plastic that remains open by the positive pressure exerted by the infusing fluid, the walls tend to collapse if too much negative pressure is exerted, this causes turbulence and higher rate of hemolysis. This hemolysis is more likely to occur using the larger vacutainer tubes of 10 cc because of higher negative pressure early in the draw or when using a syringe and pulling too hard on the plunger. So if you use a syringe, pull the plunger just a little bit until you see blood flowing into the barrel and then continue gently, and for the vacutainer system, use the 5 ml tubes to minimize hemolysis. 

- And what is the deal of tapping the site to "pop" the vein into view? That doesn't work, the skin gets red but the vein doesn't change in size and it also can cause hemolysis inside the vein, so let's not do that either. 

- Already inserted cannulas can be used to collect a blood sample even when IV fluids of medications have been infused through it. The only caveat is that for glucose containing fluids it is recommended to wait 3 minutes after stopping the infusion. When using the inserted IV, "washing" the cannula with 5 times its capacity and discarding that blood will eliminate any possibility of contamination. The volume capacity of a 22g cannula is about 0.05 ml and for a 14g  0.15 ml (yes, go ahead and measure it), therefore drawing 1 ml is technically enough, but get 2 ml and no one will argue.

- If you have a prolonged vein hunt for more than 2 minutes, go ahead and get the cannula in, remove the tourniquet, elevated the arm and then bring it down again to allow "fresh" blood into the extremity, reapply the tourniquet and then collect the samples. This is particularly important if you use venous lactate  in sepsis screening to avoid false positive results. 

- Follow this order when filling up the tubes: Blood cultures -> Lactate -> Coagulation -> Serum -> Heparin -> EDTA. This will minimize the chance of contamination, false positives, hemolysis and sample clotting. 

- Don't overfill, shake too hard or drop the tubes; and if you open the tubes transfer the blood from the syringe, do it without the needle.

And this is the summary of all of these articles. If you have a couple of hours and there is nothing on TV, go ahead and read...

http://bmhlibrary.info/11174369.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15565033
https://www.futurelabmedicine.org/pdfs/LMBP_ReducingHemolysisSummary.pdf
http://www.who.int/injection_safety/phleb_final_screen_ready.pdf

And before I go, a final advice for my fellow physicians. If you think that starting IV's and collecting blood is the nurses' job, then you are missing the critical concept of team work. As leader of the team you should know how to do this and every other procedure in the ED; from starting lines, mixing drips, work up the pumps, etc. This will not only benefit the patient, it will also earn some golden points with the rest of the team. So pull up your sleeves and get busy.  

Wellen's Syndrome... an EKG Finding Not to Miss!

Let's say you're working away in the emergency department and you see a 35 year old man complaining of chest pain for about 2 hr. He does not have a significant PMHx, he is mildly obese and smokes a pack a day, the history is not totally convincing for ACS and when he arrives to the ED the pain has resolved. Sounds familiar...? - We probably see a 10 of those per shift! The protocol says, everyone who says the words "chest" and "pain" in the same sentence gets an ECG at triage. The nurse brings it to you and this is what you see.. (sorry for the shadows, but I couldn't find the right angle)

Hmmmm... A 10 second view shows sinus rhythm, a little slow, the voltages are a bit low in the limb leads. There are some ST-T changes that don't look quite right with T wave inversions in the anterior and lateral leads, with similar milder changes in the inferior leads. The J point seems to be isoelectric and there is some "eyeballed" QT prolongation (R to R seems longer than the twice the length of the QT). The protocol also says that in the absence of contraindications everyone gets hooked to the monitor, oxygen by nasal cannula, aspirin, labs, CXR, maybe NTG. (Yes, I know, and before you start going at it, I am trying to change that oxygen mandate in my department; but it is hard to change protocols!) You do a physical exam which, as in most cases, does not reveal anything significant. Few minutes later the labs come back with negative cardiac markers, his CXR looks fine and he remains pain free. The repeat EKG looks like this... The changes practically resolved!

Now what?! What's the deal here? This dude has dynamic EKG changes, but he is pain free, markers are normal, and now everything seems to be OK. Right? - WRONG! This guy is in deep doo-doo if you don't do the right thing. And the reason you should be scared is b/c he has Wellen's syndrome. 

Wellen's syndrome is an electrocardiographic phenomenon seen in critical obstruction of the LAD. Described in the 1980's, Wellen's has 2 types, type 1 has biphasic T wave in leads V1-V4, with the type 2 having deep T waves inversions. Other characteristics are no precordial Q wave and no loss of R wave progression. (Here is a type 2, note the deep TWI in anterior leads)

So, what happened to our patient? - I called cardiology and said something like this: "Sir, I have a 35 y/o with Wellen's, currently chest pain free, with negative cardiac markers. Do you want to see him here in the ED or in the CCU?" The cardiologist seemed to be in a good mood that day and didn't give me any grief. Patient went up to CCU and booked for cath the next day.

Now, putting it all together. What you need to know about Wellen's

- Recognize the pattern of biphasic T wave or deep inverted T waves in V1-V4

- It means high degree of obstruction in the LAD

- DO NOT send this patients for stress test. It will precipitate an AMI

- These patients need admission and early revascularization

- Do not miss it. This is a "pre-infarct" phenomenon. If the patient goes home, he/she will progress into an anterior MI, and that is considered not good.

For more reading...

- de Zwann C, Bar FW, Wellens. Characteristic electrocardiographic pattern indicating a critical stenosis high in the left anterior descending coronary artery in patients admitted because of impending myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1982; 103:730-736

- Tandy TK, Bottomy DP, Lewis JG. Wellen's syndrome. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33:347-351 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10036351)

- Rhinehardt J, Brady WJ, Perron AD, Mattu A. Electrocardiographic manifestations of Wellens' syndrome. Am J Emerg Med. 2002; 20:638-643. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12442245)
- http://www.consultantlive.com/cardiovascular-diseases/content/article/10162/2158916
- http://www.consultantlive.com/cardiovascular-diseases/devil-t-wave-wellens-syndrome

In honor of Dr Wellens

http://www.ficemaastricht.org/index.php?page=speakers&sid=HW